Barotrauma

Barotrauma of the ear occurs when rapid or extreme changes in air or water pressure cause damage to the structures of the ear. The middle ear is particularly at risk because it is an air-filled space that must equalize pressure with the surrounding environment through the Eustachian tube. When this equalization does not happen fast enough (for example, during rapid descent in an aircraft or during underwater diving) the pressure imbalance can stretch or rupture the eardrum, cause fluid to accumulate behind the eardrum, or damage the inner ear in severe cases.

Symptoms include ear pain, a sensation of fullness, muffled hearing, and sometimes dizziness or tinnitus. Mild barotrauma often resolves on its own. Severe or repeated barotrauma may require medical assessment and, in rare cases, surgical intervention. People with Eustachian tube dysfunction are at higher risk for barotrauma during air travel and diving.